Tag: Copyright

Who owns a song?

Who owns a song?

Music has always remained an integral part of Bollywood and the music industry has seen an incremental rise in the last ten-fifteen years of relative digital-democratization of filmmaking as a result of the proliferation of YouTube, rise in the number of OTT platforms and various other factors.

This rise in the music streaming applications such as Spotify, Wynk music and etc. has given the artists additional platforms to earn revenue from their intellectual property i.e., their music. Making songs is not really a ‘one-person job’ as it is essentially intertwining of melody and lyrics which means more people are involved behind the making of one soundtrack like lyricist, composers, music director, producer etc. This confluence of people, playing various roles to bring together a soundtrack also raises the question of who actually owns the song as his own intellectual property. The answer is rather complex and can be answered through the prism of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 and various judgments pronounced by the Supreme Court.

Meaning of copyright-

Copyright means an exclusive right over one’s own creation of the mind, that is, their intellectual property. Having attained copyright over a song or movie prevents the ‘work’ from being-

  • Reproduced by someone else,
  • Performed in public i.e., performance rights,
  • Communicated to the public in the form of uploading it on streaming platforms like YouTube,
  • Distributing copies of ‘original work’ to the public,
  • Renting or licensing the ‘work’ to others.

It is important to note that the term ‘song’ is not defined anywhere in the act, so to answer the question of who actually owns a particular musical work, the song would be divided into two categories i.e., one being a part of a cinematograph film and the other being not part of a cinematograph film.

For the songs which do not form part of any cinematograph film, the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 defines the various ownership that a person can claim within the song.

  • The composer of a musical work is an author by virtue of section 2(d)(ii),
  • The lyricist is an author in relation to the literary work, that is, lyrics by virtue of section 2(d)(i) and
  • The producer in relation to a sound recording is an author by virtue of section 2 (d)(v) of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012.

For the songs that are a part of a cinematograph film, the ownership of that particular song boils down to the type of arrangement made in the contract. In most cases, the producer of the movie ends up being the owner of the song because the artists who play different types of role in making of the song assign their right of ownership in exchange of monetary consideration.

However, in cases where the contract is loosely drafted or the producer uses the particular song anywhere apart from the movie to attract audiences or to earn money with help of that song, Supreme Court judgments like that of Indian Performing Rights Society LTD V/s Eastern India Motion Pictures Association,[1] help getting the various artists their well-deserved royalties. Nonetheless there are a few rulings in which the courts have not awarded the right to royalties to everyone.

The term of copyright as prescribed in the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 is sixty years, whereas the term of copyright for literary works and musical works lasts lifelong in addition to sixty years from the time of his death. This ruling essentially means that even the next generation of these people would be deprived of the well-deserved royalties due to a loosely drafted contract, which signifies the importance of proper legal guidance at the time of drafting a contract for any matter related to intellectual property.

 

Written by-

Bhuvan Malhotra

Royalty Payment for Singers- An Adaptation of Necessity

The scope of copyright protection over the years has increased and it now includes a multitude of materials including songs. Producing a song is a long creative process which requires producers, composers, lyricist, singers among others. 

In the making of a song where there are so many people of different positions involved, there is always the question that who must receive the royalty for its commercial use? 

In case of songs, until recently singers did not receive any royalty, their contribution to the song was blatantly ignored. Fortunately, this changed in 2012 when the Copyright Act,1957 (Act) was amended to include “Performers Rights”. The act defines performers under section 2(qq) to include singers, musicians and actors inter alia, the basic intention was to include any person who makes a performance. The amendment granted the performers both economic and moral rights to their works. 

Section 38A of the Act focuses on the economic rights of the performers

    •  A performer can make sound and visual recordings of the performance;
    • A performer can reproduce the performance in any material form including the storing of it in any medium by electronic or any other means;
    • A performer can issue copies of the performance to the public not being copies already in circulation;
    • A performer can communicate the performance to the public;
    • A performer can sell or give the performance on commercial rental or offer for sale or commercial rental any copy of the recording and;
    • A performer can broadcast or communicate the performance to the public except where the performance is already a broadcast, and lastly,
    • A performer can receive a royalty for the commercial use of the performance. 

The economic rights subsist for 50 years from the date it was first performed. 

Similarly, moral rights have been granted under section 38 B of the Act. It explicitly mentions that the performer has the right to be identified for their work unless the contract states otherwise. The section also grants the performers the power to prevent the mutilation and distortion of their work. 

The new economic and moral rights policy for performers does not affect the royalty received by the others who were involved in making the song, so the performer’s right to receive his/her share of the royalties runs parallel. Further, to make it easier for the performers to collect these royalties, the Act provides for the establishment of the Copyright Societies under Section 33. The function of the societies is to collect royalties and assign licenses for the commercial use of different works. 

To this end, the Indian Singers Rights Association (ISRA) which is registered as a copyright society acts as the middleman who collects royalties on behalf of the singers. As a collecting society, it provides licenses for the commercial use of copyright-protected work of the performers and keeps an eye out for their work being used illegally. 

How much royalty will a Singer get paid? 

The royalty received by the ‘singer’ is dependent on the tariff scheme mentioned by the ISRA. This tariff scheme depends directly on the party that requests such license, for instance, if it is a restaurant/bar asking for a license, the tariff charged is dependent on the price of the least priced drink.

Therefore, the royalty received by the singers for the performance of their work varies from case to case. 

Does a singer receive a royalty from online streaming websites? 

Singers do receive a royalty from online streaming websites as it is their right under section 38A, it may, however, be different from radio and television broadcasting. 

Under section 31 D, the act provides for statutory license for broadcasting through radios and television. However, in the case of Tips v. Wynk, the Bombay High Court held that the provisions of statutory licensing do not apply to internet broadcasting, so different schemes apply to internet streaming. 

The royalty paid is dependent on whether the interactive or non-interactive streaming app charges the consumer for the services provided. If the website does not charge the user then the royalty per song is Rs.0.50 per song, and in instances where the user has to pay to avail for the services the royalty is Rs.1 per song.

Is it necessary to pay royalty and have a license? 

According to the Copyright Act, it is absolutely necessary to pay a royalty to the singers for commercial use of their songs. The same has been held time and again by the courts in multiple cases. In cases such as Indian Singers Right Association v. Night Fever Club & Lounge and Indian Singers’ Right Association v. Chapter 25 Bar and Restaurant, the court granted a permanent injunction restraining the defendant from playing the copyright-protected songs without a license from the ISRA. It further held that the defendant was violating the performers Right to Receive Royalty (R3).

The amendment regarding Performer’s Right was definitely a relief for many singers, but most importantly, it was a necessity. It brought the copyright regime of India in harmony with Article 14 of the TRIPS Agreement and also Articles 5 to 10 of the WPPT

The jurisprudence and precedents on this subject are limited therefore the interpretation of the courts may vary. This is the personal opinion of the author.

Author:

Mehr Sidhu

Intern, Talwar Advocates